Grayscale to Color Tutorial

As requested, a grayscale to color tutorial.
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Yes, there is a lot of text. I hope I explained everything properly. As always, if you have any questions, just ask!

It was brought to my attention that I used a couple of terms that not everyone may be familiar with, so here are some clarifications:

*complementary colors are color that sit directly across from each other on the color wheel such as:
Red and Green
Yellow and Violet
Orange and Blue
[link]
Using complementary colors, or colors that are closely adjacent to those colors, creature depth and variety in your shadows and highlights. Try it!

**A good definition of contrast: [link]